Appolon, G., Oren, E., Pulvers, K., Romero, D., Hoh, E., Dodder, N. G., Wong, J., Nynas, K., Tracey, L. R., Lemus, H., & Novotny, T. E. (2026). Nitrosamine and nicotine exposure after switching from filtered to unfiltered cigarette smoking: a cross- over clinical trial. Tobacco Control, 35(2), 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2024-058765
Ávila, M., Mora Sánchez, M. G., Bernal Amador, A. S., & Paniagua, R. (2025). The Metabolism of Creatinine and Its Usefulness to Evaluate Kidney Function and Body Composition in Clinical Practice. In Biomolecules (Vol. 15, Number 1). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15010041
Eid, H. A., Moazen, E. M., Elhussini, M., Shoman, H., Hassan, A., Elsheikh, A., Rezk, A., Moursi, A., Atef, M., & Kabil, A. (2022). The Influence of Smoking on Renal Functions Among Apparently Healthy Smokers. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, Volume 15, 2969–2978. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S392848
EL-Safty, I. A. M., Afifi, A. M. H., Shouman, A. E., & EL-Sady, A. K. R. (2004). Effects of smoking and lead exposure on proximal tubular integrity among egyptian industrial workers. Archives of Medical Research, 35(1), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2003.08.009
Farah, N. M., Abbas, A. M., Alameen, A. A. M., Shalabi, M. G., Elderdery, A. Y., Eltayeb, L. B., Babker, A. M., Mohamed, H., & Aedh, A. I. (2023). Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Serum Cystatin C and Creatinine Levels and MAU: A Case-Control Study. International Journal of Biomedicine, 13(1), 58–61. https://doi.org/10.21103/Article13(1)_OA6
García-Esquinas, E., Loeffler, L. F., Weaver, V. M., Fadrowski, J. J., & Navas-Acien, A. (2013). Kidney Function and Tobacco Smoke Exposure in US Adolescents. Pediatrics, 131(5), e1415–e1423. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-3201
Gekle, M. (2017). Kidney and aging — A narrative review. Experimental Gerontology, 87, 153–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2016.03.013
Halimi, J. M., Giraudeau, B., Vol, S., Caces, E., Nivet, H., Lebranchu, Y., & Tichet, J. (2000). Effects of current smoking and smoking discontinuation on renal function and proteinuria in the general population. Kidney International, 58(3), 1285–1292. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00284.x
Jain, G., & Jaimes, E. A. (2013). Nicotine signaling and progression of chronic kidney disease in smokers. Biochemical Pharmacology, 86(8), 1215–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.014
Kumar, D., Sharma, P., Kumar, S., Sah, S. P., Arora, M., Iqbal, S., & Kumar, P. (2022). Renal Parameters in Mild, Moderate, and Chronic Cigarette Smokers. International Journal of Integrated Health Sciences, 10(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.15850/ijihs.v10n1.2558
Marquez-Exposito, L., Tejedor-Santamaria, L., Valentijn, F. A., Tejera-Muñoz, A., Rayego-Mateos, S., Marchant, V., Rodrigues-Diez, R. R., Rubio-Soto, I., Knoppert, S. N., Ortiz, A., Ramos, A. M., Goldschmeding, R., & Ruiz-Ortega, M. (2022). Oxidative Stress and Cellular Senescence Are Involved in the Aging Kidney. Antioxidants, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020301
Mortada, W. I., Sobh, M. A., & El-Defrawy, M. M. (2004). The exposure to cadmium, lead and mercury from smoking and its impact on renal integrity. Med Sci Monit, 10(3), CR112-116. http://www.MedSciMonit.com/pub/vol_10/no_3/3407.pdf
Nacira, D., Wiem, B., & Djamila, G. (2021). A Study of the Effects of Active Smoking on Renal Function. In Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3 (pp. 90–97). Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International). https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ciees/v3/7912D
Okinu Rahim, Juliansyah Juliansyah, Robiyandi Robiyandi, Uni W Sagena, & Masjaya Masjaya. (2024). Perlindungan Lingkungan Sosial Melalui Kebijakan Publik Tentang Kawasan Tanpa Rokok (KTR). Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, 4(2), 122–133. https://doi.org/10.51903/manajemen.v4i2.858
Oosterwijk, M. M., Hagedoorn, I. J. M., Maatman, R. G. H. J., Bakker, S. J. L., Navis, G., & Laverman, G. D. (2023). Cadmium, active smoking and renal function deterioration in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 38(4), 876–883. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfac270
Setyawan, Y. (2019). Merokok dan Gangguan Fungsi Ginjal. E-CliniC (ECl), 9(2), 388–396. https://doi.org/10.35790/ecl.9.2.2021.33991
Shlipak, M. G., Tummalapalli, S. L., Boulware, L. E., Grams, M. E., Ix, J. H., Jha, V., Kengne, A. P., Madero, M., Mihaylova, B., Tangri, N., Cheung, M., Jadoul, M., Winkelmayer, W. C., Zoungas, S., Abraham, G., Ademi, Z., Alicic, R. Z., de Boer, I., Deo, R., … Zomer, E. (2021). The case for early identification and intervention of chronic kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney International, 99(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.10.012
Tascón, J., G. Casanova, A., Vicente-Vicente, L., Pescador, M., Prieto, M., & Isabel Morales Martín, A. (2022). MO390: Prognosis of Kidney Damage Associated With Tobacco Consumption in Former Smokers. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 37(Supplement_3). https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfac070.004
Xia, J., Wang, L., Ma, Z., Zhong, L., Wang, Y., Gao, Y., He, L., & Su, X. (2017). Cigarette smoking and chronic kidney disease in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 32(3), 475–487. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfw452
Zhang, M., Ni, H., Lin, Y., Wang, K., He, T., Yuan, L., Han, Z., & Zuo, X. (2025a). Renal aging and its consequences: navigating the challenges of an aging population. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1615681
Zhang, M., Ni, H., Lin, Y., Wang, K., He, T., Yuan, L., Han, Z., & Zuo, X. (2025b). Renal aging and its consequences: navigating the challenges of an aging population. In Frontiers in Pharmacology (Vol. 16). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1615681
Zheng, C. M., Lee, Y. H., Chiu, I. J., Chiu, Y. J., Sung, L. C., Hsu, Y. H., & Chiu, H. W. (2020). Nicotine causes nephrotoxicity through the induction of nlrp6 inflammasome and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Toxics, 8(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040092
Ávila, M., Mora Sánchez, M. G., Bernal Amador, A. S., & Paniagua, R. (2025). The Metabolism of Creatinine and Its Usefulness to Evaluate Kidney Function and Body Composition in Clinical Practice. In Biomolecules (Vol. 15, Number 1). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15010041
Eid, H. A., Moazen, E. M., Elhussini, M., Shoman, H., Hassan, A., Elsheikh, A., Rezk, A., Moursi, A., Atef, M., & Kabil, A. (2022). The Influence of Smoking on Renal Functions Among Apparently Healthy Smokers. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, Volume 15, 2969–2978. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S392848
EL-Safty, I. A. M., Afifi, A. M. H., Shouman, A. E., & EL-Sady, A. K. R. (2004). Effects of smoking and lead exposure on proximal tubular integrity among egyptian industrial workers. Archives of Medical Research, 35(1), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2003.08.009
Farah, N. M., Abbas, A. M., Alameen, A. A. M., Shalabi, M. G., Elderdery, A. Y., Eltayeb, L. B., Babker, A. M., Mohamed, H., & Aedh, A. I. (2023). Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Serum Cystatin C and Creatinine Levels and MAU: A Case-Control Study. International Journal of Biomedicine, 13(1), 58–61. https://doi.org/10.21103/Article13(1)_OA6
García-Esquinas, E., Loeffler, L. F., Weaver, V. M., Fadrowski, J. J., & Navas-Acien, A. (2013). Kidney Function and Tobacco Smoke Exposure in US Adolescents. Pediatrics, 131(5), e1415–e1423. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-3201
Gekle, M. (2017). Kidney and aging — A narrative review. Experimental Gerontology, 87, 153–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2016.03.013
Halimi, J. M., Giraudeau, B., Vol, S., Caces, E., Nivet, H., Lebranchu, Y., & Tichet, J. (2000). Effects of current smoking and smoking discontinuation on renal function and proteinuria in the general population. Kidney International, 58(3), 1285–1292. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00284.x
Jain, G., & Jaimes, E. A. (2013). Nicotine signaling and progression of chronic kidney disease in smokers. Biochemical Pharmacology, 86(8), 1215–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.014
Kumar, D., Sharma, P., Kumar, S., Sah, S. P., Arora, M., Iqbal, S., & Kumar, P. (2022). Renal Parameters in Mild, Moderate, and Chronic Cigarette Smokers. International Journal of Integrated Health Sciences, 10(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.15850/ijihs.v10n1.2558
Marquez-Exposito, L., Tejedor-Santamaria, L., Valentijn, F. A., Tejera-Muñoz, A., Rayego-Mateos, S., Marchant, V., Rodrigues-Diez, R. R., Rubio-Soto, I., Knoppert, S. N., Ortiz, A., Ramos, A. M., Goldschmeding, R., & Ruiz-Ortega, M. (2022). Oxidative Stress and Cellular Senescence Are Involved in the Aging Kidney. Antioxidants, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020301
Mortada, W. I., Sobh, M. A., & El-Defrawy, M. M. (2004). The exposure to cadmium, lead and mercury from smoking and its impact on renal integrity. Med Sci Monit, 10(3), CR112-116. http://www.MedSciMonit.com/pub/vol_10/no_3/3407.pdf
Nacira, D., Wiem, B., & Djamila, G. (2021). A Study of the Effects of Active Smoking on Renal Function. In Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3 (pp. 90–97). Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International). https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ciees/v3/7912D
Okinu Rahim, Juliansyah Juliansyah, Robiyandi Robiyandi, Uni W Sagena, & Masjaya Masjaya. (2024). Perlindungan Lingkungan Sosial Melalui Kebijakan Publik Tentang Kawasan Tanpa Rokok (KTR). Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, 4(2), 122–133. https://doi.org/10.51903/manajemen.v4i2.858
Oosterwijk, M. M., Hagedoorn, I. J. M., Maatman, R. G. H. J., Bakker, S. J. L., Navis, G., & Laverman, G. D. (2023). Cadmium, active smoking and renal function deterioration in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 38(4), 876–883. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfac270
Setyawan, Y. (2019). Merokok dan Gangguan Fungsi Ginjal. E-CliniC (ECl), 9(2), 388–396. https://doi.org/10.35790/ecl.9.2.2021.33991
Shlipak, M. G., Tummalapalli, S. L., Boulware, L. E., Grams, M. E., Ix, J. H., Jha, V., Kengne, A. P., Madero, M., Mihaylova, B., Tangri, N., Cheung, M., Jadoul, M., Winkelmayer, W. C., Zoungas, S., Abraham, G., Ademi, Z., Alicic, R. Z., de Boer, I., Deo, R., … Zomer, E. (2021). The case for early identification and intervention of chronic kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney International, 99(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.10.012
Tascón, J., G. Casanova, A., Vicente-Vicente, L., Pescador, M., Prieto, M., & Isabel Morales Martín, A. (2022). MO390: Prognosis of Kidney Damage Associated With Tobacco Consumption in Former Smokers. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 37(Supplement_3). https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfac070.004
Xia, J., Wang, L., Ma, Z., Zhong, L., Wang, Y., Gao, Y., He, L., & Su, X. (2017). Cigarette smoking and chronic kidney disease in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 32(3), 475–487. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfw452
Zhang, M., Ni, H., Lin, Y., Wang, K., He, T., Yuan, L., Han, Z., & Zuo, X. (2025a). Renal aging and its consequences: navigating the challenges of an aging population. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1615681
Zhang, M., Ni, H., Lin, Y., Wang, K., He, T., Yuan, L., Han, Z., & Zuo, X. (2025b). Renal aging and its consequences: navigating the challenges of an aging population. In Frontiers in Pharmacology (Vol. 16). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1615681
Zheng, C. M., Lee, Y. H., Chiu, I. J., Chiu, Y. J., Sung, L. C., Hsu, Y. H., & Chiu, H. W. (2020). Nicotine causes nephrotoxicity through the induction of nlrp6 inflammasome and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Toxics, 8(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040092
- Abstract viewed - 5 times
- PDF downloaded - 1 times
Affiliations
Angelika Ririn Sahetapy
Poltekkes Kemenkes Maluku
Zulfikar Peluw
Poltekkes Kemenkes Maluku
How to Cite
Sahetapy, A. and Peluw, Z. (2026) “An Overview of Serum Creatinine Levels Among Active Smokers in Suli Village, Salahutu Subdistrict”, Jurnal Keperawatan Salawaku (JKS), 1(1), pp. 23-29. Available at: https://jurnalpoltekkesmaluku.com/JKS/article/view/878 (Accessed: 5November2026).
An Overview of Serum Creatinine Levels Among Active Smokers in Suli Village, Salahutu Subdistrict
Vol 1 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Keperawatan Salawaku
Submitted: Jul 25, 2026
Published: Nov 4, 2026
Abstract
Smoking is one of the risk factors that may affect kidney health due to exposure to various toxic substances contained in cigarette smoke, including nicotine, carbon monoxide, and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Continuous exposure to these substances may induce oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, hemodynamic changes, and vascular damage, potentially affecting renal perfusion and reducing the glomerular filtration rate. Serum creatinine is one of the laboratory parameters used to assess kidney function and may provide an initial indication of potential filtration impairment. This study aimed to describe serum creatinine levels among active smokers in Suli Village, Salahutu District. This descriptive study involved 20 active smokers selected using purposive sampling based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Serum creatinine levels were examined using the Jaffe method with a BA-200 Biosystems Chemistry Analyzer. The results showed that 15 respondents (75%) had serum creatinine levels within the normal range, while 5 respondents (25%) had serum creatinine levels above the normal range. Abnormally elevated creatinine levels were found among respondents who were older, had smoked for more than 5 years, consumed a higher number of cigarettes, and had inadequate water intake. The findings indicate that most active smokers had serum creatinine levels within the normal range; however, 25% of respondents had elevated creatinine levels that warrant attention. These findings highlight the importance of education regarding the impact of smoking on kidney health and the need for regular kidney function monitoring, particularly among smokers with long-term and high-intensity smoking habits.